Consumption with smaller bites in a distracted state, may therefore, be less effective in reducing food intake. In a distracted state, people may unconsciously increase their number of bites which leads to higher food intake. Other regulators of food intake, such as number of bites, bite size, eating rate, or meal duration may also be affected by distraction. It is possible that distraction during consumption is associated with impaired monitoring of the amount consumed by visual cues. A number of studies have shown that distraction through activities such as watching television or eating with friends usually led to higher food intake –.
Cognitive restraint eating behavior (i.e., chronic tendency to limit food intake to control body weight), was offset by distraction food intake increased when listening to a detective story. These findings stress the importance of cognitive factors on satiation.Ĭognitive aspects of food intake may be disrupted when people are distracted during food consumption. For example, information about calorie content –, or manipulating the time of the day, influenced the amount of food intake. Beliefs about the amount consumed play an important role in satiation –. It is also possible that taking relatively more smaller bites affect peoples' assumption that intake is higher compared to fewer larger bites, and therefore lead to lower food intake. Effort can be considered as an external cue and may unconsiously infleunce food intake.
Food intake has been shown to be highly influenced by external factors as visual cues, serving and portion size, and effort, , –. Due to a relatively higher number of bites which is associated with more effort, small bites may lead lower food intake. Consuming small bites rather than large bites involves more bites for consumption of the same amount of food. The bite or sip size and are determined by food properties, ,, and by individual characteristics. Sips of 5 g compared to 20 g have led to a reduction of 29% and 16% in regular energy orangeade and no energy containing orangeade, respectively. Bites of 5 g compared to bites of 15 g have led to a reduction of 30% in a chocolate dairy product and in tomato soup. Controlled experimental studies that used fixed bite/sip sizes showed a reduction in intake for smaller bites/sips. A number of studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between bite and sip size and the amount of food intake, ,, –. Foods that are consumed quickly and require minimal oral processing, such as beverages and foods low in fiber content, lead to higher ad libitum intake, ,, , and therefore promote over-consumption.Įating rate (g/min) is influenced by bite size. There is growing evidence that oral processing is important in the regulation of food intake –. Overweight and obesity are the result of a long-term positive energy balance in which energy intake is higher than energy expenditure. Obesity is an increasing problem in Western society. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, or preparation of the manuscript, or decision to publish.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This work was supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant number 07438) with: Unilever, Danone Nederland, FrieslandCampina, and Top Institute Food and Nutrition. Received: AugAccepted: NovemPublished: January 23, 2013Ĭopyright: © 2013 Bolhuis et al. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, United States of America The ratio of topping to crust is just the right balance.Citation: Bolhuis DP, Lakemond CMM, de Wijk RA, Luning PA, de Graaf C (2013) Consumption with Large Sip Sizes Increases Food Intake and Leads to Underestimation of the Amount Consumed. We also had a draft craft beer…hey…beer and pizza!! The pizza was fabulous. The day we went (a Saturday), we had a slice of Cheese pizza, a slice of Chicken Cilantro-Pesto pizza (my favorite and a top seller), and an Italian Sub. The bread is so good! They almost always sell out of these amazing subs! Saturday – Italian Subs – The meat for the Italian Subs (and the Muffaletta) are from Citterio, which is an Italian family-owned company founded in Italy in 1878.They are delicious! The Meatballs Subs are served on fresh-baked sub rolls.
These large loaves are cut into ½ pound quarters. Thursday and Friday – Muffaletta’s and Meatball Subs – A Muffaletta is cold-cuts in a wide, round, flat loaf of bread with sesame seeds on top.Wednesday – Authentic New York Sabrett Natural Casing Hot Dogs – prepared the traditional way.
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